What lasting difference did 9/11 make to the US and Middle East?

While the 2001 attacks killed several thousand people, the ‘endless wars’ that the US subsequently launched killed many more

‘Some 20 years after 9/11, the problem of terrorism remains, and terrorists may feel emboldened to try again.’ Picture: Robert Clark

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were a horrific shock. Images of trapped victims leaping from the Twin Towers are indelible, and the intrusive security measures introduced in the wake of the attacks have long since become a fact of life.

But skeptics doubt that it marked a turning point in history. They note that the immediate physical damage was far from fatal to American power. It is estimated that the United States’ GDP ...